E-invoices

Electronic invoicing (e-invoicing) is a low-cost transaction processing system that leverages information technology to transform a manual and paper-oriented billing process into a faster and more efficient electronic version of data messaging and record keeping. A definition of e-invoicing is provided in the EU Council Directive 2001/115/EC : “The sending of invoices ‘by electronic means’, i.e. transmission to the receiver using electronic equipment for processing and storage of data”. With e-invoicing the traditional paper invoice is replaced by an electronic version, which removes many of its disadvantages whilst maintaining the invoice as an intact document. =**Implementation guidance**= The idea of electronic invoices stems from the increasing focus on paperless trading, loosely defined as business transactions that involve exchange of data through electronic means. It requires all participants in the trading activity to realize and implement a standard process of exchanging and accepting contracts or bills documenting transactions. Depending upon the nature of the transaction, the process of paperless trading can involve a number of agents such as insurers, transport organizations, excise and Customs departments, banks, and financial organizations. Government authorities (e.g., clearing, customers, excise, tax departments) play an important role in this chain. Therefore, to facilitate greater efficiency among all participants, these public departments must set certain standards regarding components and formats of electronic bills/invoices, their transmission processes, and their legal status. The different processes in the full cycle of e-invoicing include:
 * transformation of a paper document to an electronic version;
 * creation of an electronic bill;
 * transmission of the electronic bill;
 * reception of the electronic bill;
 * automated entry into the buyer’s accounting system;
 * validation of the entry in the accounting system;
 * selection of payment method;
 * dispute management; and
 * final approval for payment.

//Source: Leinonen (2008)// =**Benefits**= From a logistical perspective, electronic invoices help to reduce the amount of paper used for documenting and storing transaction information. Through e-invoicing sellers can dispense with a number of manual processes such as printing, mailing, documenting, storing and reconciling paper invoices. The adoption of electronic invoicing standards offers faster and more efficient data transfer, thus reducing the duration of billing cycles. Timely notifications and updates on invoice status, faster transmission of invoices for payers’ approval, and quicker dispute management systems produce better customer service. Payers get regular updates on invoice status and payment timings, which enable them to estimate cash outflow with higher certainty, thereby helping them achieve better and more efficient working capital (MOUSE OVER TEXT WORKING CAPITAL) management. WORKING CAPITAL Working capital is a measure of how liquid a company's assets are. That is, how easily they are convertible to cash to supply the day-to-day operational needs of the organization. As such, it provides a measure both of how efficient a company's operations are and how healthy its short-term finances are. Significant and sustainable working capital provides a company with the flexibility to expand and improve its operations as well as respond to changing economic circumstances. Working capital is calculated by subtracting current liabilities (i.e., accounts payable—AP GO TO SECTION (A.3.2 link3)) from current assets (i.e., accounts receivable—AR GO TO SECTION (A.3.2 link3) and inventory). If liabilities exceed assets, the company is said to have negative working capital. Working capital= [AR] + [Inventory] – [AP].

One good illustration is the ability to grant discounts for prompt payments. Some suppliers give discounts if the invoices they issue are paid quickly. Many customers would like to take advantage of such discounts.The benefits of e-invoicing have been—until recently—limited to large companies given the significant infrastructure applications required to run seamless e-invoicing transactions. The benefits associated with electronic invoicing are now trickling downward to small and medium sized businesses (SMEs) for the following reasons: The intrinsic values connected with the adoption of e-invoicing are encouraging many countries to apply such methods, especially on behalf of domestic small and medium enterprises. =**Challenges**= One the biggest barriers still hindering electronic invoicing and payments initiatives is supplier adoption, or lack thereof. Persuading suppliers to change their processes to align with buyer's needs is a costly and time-consuming process. Success depends largely on the buyers' ability to present a compelling value-adding proposition to suppliers. Many buyers have failed to effectively communicate the value of invoice automation to their suppliers and, as a result, have struggled to generate the results they expected from implementing e-invoicing solutions. One of the key messages of the value created by electronic invoicing is that it represents the supporting element of supply chain finance.
 * The evolution of hosted and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) MOUSE OVER TEXT SAAS models has significantly lowered the upfront cost of implementing automated solutions and reduced the hassle of maintaining them. MOUSE OVER TEXT SAAS Software as a service (SaaS), sometimes referred to as "on-demand software", is a software delivery model in which software and associated data are centrally hosted on the “cloud”: Cloud computing is the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices as a utility (like the electricity grid) over a network (typically the Internet). SaaS is typically accessed by users using a thin client via a web browser.
 * Early payment discounting and supply chain finance capabilities offered by e-invoice networks are delivering tremendous strategic benefits around working capital improvements.

=**References**= Useful reading includes the European market description and analysis for e-Invoicing of the Euro Banking Association (EBA)-Innopay (2008) and a research on e-Invoicing from the Deutsche Bank